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International Journal of Oncology Sep 2023Due to concealment, high invasiveness and a lack of indicators, malignant tumors have emerged as one of the deadliest diseases worldwide and their incidence is rising... (Review)
Review
Due to concealment, high invasiveness and a lack of indicators, malignant tumors have emerged as one of the deadliest diseases worldwide and their incidence is rising yearly. Research has revealed that the chaperonin family member, chaperonin containing TCP‑1 (CCT), serves a crucial role in malignant tumors. CCT is involved in the growth of numerous malignant tumors such as lung cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer and assists the folding of a number of proteins linked to cancer, such as KRAS, p53 and STAT3. According to clinical data, CCT is highly expressed in a range of tumor cells and is associated with poor patient prognosis. In addition, through controlling the cell cycle or interacting with other proteins (including YAP1, HoXB2 and SMAD2), CCT has an effect on the proliferation, invasion and migration of cancer cells. As a result, it is possible that CCT will become a new tumor marker or therapeutic target, which will provide some guidance for early tumor screening or late tumor prognosis. In the present review, the molecular properties of CCT are introduced, alongside a summary of its interactions with other cancer‑related proteins and a discussion of its function in common malignant tumors. It is expected that the present review will offer fresh approaches to the treatment of cancer.
Topics: Humans; Chaperonin Containing TCP-1; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Prognosis; Liver Neoplasms
PubMed: 37539774
DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5554 -
Annales de Biologie Clinique Dec 2016Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are rare heterogenous tumors which prevalence is increasing. Their features vary by anatomical location, functionality and hormonal... (Review)
Review
Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are rare heterogenous tumors which prevalence is increasing. Their features vary by anatomical location, functionality and hormonal production. Their management needs a multidisciplinary approach. Functional tumors develop characteristic clinical syndromes in contrast to non-functional tumors that are diagnosed fortuitously or at advanced stage. NET can secrete many specific and general biomarkers. CgA is the most sensitive general marker. Its value should be interpreted along with the renal function and the gastrin level. Some new biomarkers such as NTproBNP, proGRP and NET gene transcripts have been identified. The latter are not yet routine in clinical practice. We present In this review biological biomarkers involved in NET with a focus on the assays and their use in clinical practice.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine; Humans; Insulinoma; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes; Reference Standards
PubMed: 27758762
DOI: 10.1684/abc.2016.1188 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Dec 2018Technological progress within the last 15-20 years has significantly increased our knowledge about the molecular basis of cancer development, tumor progression, and... (Review)
Review
Technological progress within the last 15-20 years has significantly increased our knowledge about the molecular basis of cancer development, tumor progression, and treatment response. As a consequence, a vast number of biomarkers have been proposed, but only a small fraction of them have found their way into clinical use. The aim of this paper is to describe the specific demands a clinically relevant biomarker should meet and how biomarkers can be tested stepwise. We name this procedure the "triple-R principle": robustness, reproducibility, and relevance. The usefulness of this principle is illustrated with the marker TP53. Since it is mutated in a broad spectrum of cancer entities, TP53 can be considered a very promising marker. Thus, TP53 has been studied in detail but there is still no explicit consensus about its clinical value. By considering our own experience and reviewing the literature, we demonstrate that a major problem of current biomarker research is disregard of whether the biomarker is prognostic or predictive. As an example, it is demonstrated that TP53 is not a prognostic marker, but rather a purely predictive marker, and that disregard of this fact has made this otherwise strong biomarker appear as not being clinically useful so far.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Neoplasms; Prognosis; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
PubMed: 30112858
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13947 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... Nov 2014Aurora kinase family is a group of serine/threonine protein kinase. It is the main regulator in mitosis, including centrosome regulation, spindle formation, and... (Review)
Review
Aurora kinase family is a group of serine/threonine protein kinase. It is the main regulator in mitosis, including centrosome regulation, spindle formation, and chromosome separation. Aurora-A is an oncogene that is highly expressed in various human tumors, including osteosarcoma. Its high expression level and malignance and tumor metastasis are correlated. Aurora-A is a potential tumor marker. The progress of Aurora-A kinase in tumor research is summarized in this article.
Topics: Animals; Aurora Kinase A; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Mitosis; Osteosarcoma
PubMed: 25450266
DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.145804 -
Gene Aug 2017Human CAXII was initially identified as a cancer marker in different cancers and tumors. Expression of CAXII is regulated by hypoxia and estrogen receptors. CAXII... (Review)
Review
Human CAXII was initially identified as a cancer marker in different cancers and tumors. Expression of CAXII is regulated by hypoxia and estrogen receptors. CAXII expression has been also detected in several tissues, whereas in cancer and tumor tissues its expression is several fold higher. In brain tumors, an alternatively spliced form of CAXII is expressed. Higher expression of CAXII in breast cancer is indicative of lower grade disease. CAXII plays a key role in several physiological functions. Mutation in the CAXII gene causes cystic fibrosis-like syndrome and salt wasting disease. CAXII is also seen in nuclear pulposus cells of the vertebrae. Aging dependent stiffness or degeneration of backbone correlates with CAXII expression level. This finding suggests a possible implication of CAXII as a biomarker for chronic back pain and a pharmacological target for possible treatment of chronic back pain.
Topics: Aging; Alternative Splicing; Back Pain; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carbonic Anhydrases; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans; Mutation; Neoplasms
PubMed: 28433659
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.027 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Aug 2021Early detection of cancer in order to facilitate timely therapeutic interventions is an unsolved problem in today's clinical diagnostics. Tumors are detected so far... (Review)
Review
Early detection of cancer in order to facilitate timely therapeutic interventions is an unsolved problem in today's clinical diagnostics. Tumors are detected so far mostly after pathological symptoms have emerged (usually already in progressed disease states), within preventive screenings, or occasionally as incidental finding. The emergence of extracellular vesicle (EV) analytics in combination with liquid biopsy sampling opened a plethora of new possibilities for the detection of tumors (and other diseases). This review gives an overview of the diversity of currently known EV species and the relevant cargo molecules representing potential biomarkers to detect, identify and characterize tumor cells. A number of molecules reported in recent years to be valuable targets for different aspects of cancer diagnostics, are presented. Furthermore, we discuss (technical) challenges and pitfalls related to the various potential applications (screening, diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring) of liquid biopsy based EV analytics, and give an outlook to possible future directions of this emerging field in oncology.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Early Detection of Cancer; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Liquid Biopsy; Neoplasms
PubMed: 34087328
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.029 -
Neuroendocrinology 2018A key issue in neuroendocrine neoplasia management is the identification of blood signatures that specifically define the activity of a cancer or local tumor... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND/AIMS
A key issue in neuroendocrine neoplasia management is the identification of blood signatures that specifically define the activity of a cancer or local tumor microenvironment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may represent such a candidate. To evaluate their clinical utility as biomarkers in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), we assessed their expression in tissue and blood.
METHODS
A systematic review of PubMed was undertaken to identify studies investigating miRNAs in GEP-NETs and their utility as blood or tissue biomarkers.
RESULTS
Twenty-two studies using a range of methodologies with different normalization protocols were identified: tumor - gastric NET type 1 (n = 1 study: MiR-222, regulates p27KIP1), pancreatic (n = 6: MiR-21 [inflammatory marker, oncogene] and MiR-144 [PI3K/AKT signaling], both up- and downregulated depending on the method), small intestinal (n = 7: no consistent signature), and colorectal (n = 3: no consistent signature); blood - gastric NET type 1 (n = 1: MiR-222), pancreatic (n = 3: MiR-21), and small intestinal (n = 3: no consistent signature). The studies all included heterogeneous cohorts, were insufficiently powered, and utilized different methodologies, and age- and gender-matched controls were not used. Different miRNA isolation methods and detection protocols resulted in inconsistent expression comparing tumor and blood. A scientific discrepancy was the downregulated expression of some circulating candidates compared to tissue levels, suggesting methodological issues or physiological responses to the tumor. Both are of concern in defining the biometrics of a marker.
CONCLUSIONS
A potential biomarker for GEP-NETs included MiR-21 (small bowel and pancreas), but this epithelial tumor marker requires prospective validation. Overall, significant scientific investigation remains to identify and demonstrate neuroendocrine specificity and to validate candidate miRNA biomarkers.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Intestinal Neoplasms; MicroRNAs; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 29566385
DOI: 10.1159/000487326 -
Annals of Surgical Oncology May 2017Gastrointestinal cancers constitute the third most common cancers worldwide. Tumor markers have long since been used in the postoperative surveillance of these... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Gastrointestinal cancers constitute the third most common cancers worldwide. Tumor markers have long since been used in the postoperative surveillance of these malignancies; however, the true value in clinical practice remains undetermined.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of three tumor markers in colorectal and esophagogastric cancer.
METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to elicit the sensitivity, specificity, statistical heterogeneity and ability to predict recurrence and metastases for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 and CA125. European surgeons were surveyed to assess their current practice and the characteristics of tumor markers they most valued. Data from the included studies and survey were combined in a cost-benefit trade-off analysis to assess which tumor markers are of most use in clinical practice.
RESULTS
Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were ranked the most desirable characteristics of a tumor marker by those surveyed. Overall, 156 studies were included to inform the cost-benefit trade-off. The cost-benefit trade-off showed that CEA outperformed both CA19-9 and CA125, with lower financial cost and a higher sensitivity, and diagnostic accuracy for metastases at presentation (area under the curve [AUC] 0.70 vs. 0.61 vs. 0.46), as well as similar diagnostic accuracy for recurrence (AUC 0.46 vs. 0.48).
CONCLUSIONS
Cost-benefit trade-off analysis identified CEA to be the best performing tumor marker. Further studies should seek to evaluate new tumor markers, with investigation tailored to factors that meet the requirements of practicing clinicians.
Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Biomarkers, Tumor; CA-125 Antigen; CA-19-9 Antigen; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Colorectal Neoplasms; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Esophageal Neoplasms; Humans; Membrane Proteins; Sensitivity and Specificity; Stomach Neoplasms; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 28008574
DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5717-y -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Oct 2014The high incidence of gastric cancer (GC) and its consequent mortality rate severely threaten human health. GC is frequently not diagnosed until a relatively advanced... (Review)
Review
The high incidence of gastric cancer (GC) and its consequent mortality rate severely threaten human health. GC is frequently not diagnosed until a relatively advanced stage. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment. Thus, early screening and diagnosis are critical for improving prognoses in patients with GC. Gastroscopy with biopsy is an appropriate method capable of aiding the diagnosis of specific early GC tumor types; however, the stress caused by this method together with it being excessively expensive makes it difficult to use it as a routine method for screening for GC on a population basis. The currently used tumor marker assays for detecting GC are simple and rapid, but their use is limited by their low sensitivity and specificity. In recent years, several markers have been identified and tested for their clinical relevance in the management of GC. Here, we review the serum-based tumor markers for GC and their clinical significance, focusing on discoveries from microarray/proteomics research. We also review tissue-based GC tumor markers and their clinical application, focusing on discoveries from immunohistochemical research. This review provides a brief description of various tumor markers for the purposes of diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics, and we include markers already in clinical practice and various forthcoming biomarkers.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 25320517
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13791 -
Saudi Medical Journal Mar 2015CD44 is a cellular protein that has been intensively studied in relation to carcinogenesis over the last decade. It is altered during inflammatory responses and cellular... (Review)
Review
CD44 is a cellular protein that has been intensively studied in relation to carcinogenesis over the last decade. It is altered during inflammatory responses and cellular malfunctioning during tumor progression. Tumors of epithelial origin express CD44 in multiple isoforms called variants; some isoforms are related to specific cancer cells. An increase of CD44 specific isoforms is detected in certain leukemic proliferations. Most published data indicates a partial involvement of CD44 in cancer cells, either in invasiveness or self-renewability. However, there is still uncertainty regarding the exact mechanism by which CD44 participates in growth of cancer or the inflammatory response. This review focuses on CD44 prevalence in cancer cell. It considers tumorigenic behavior of cells that highly express CD44 as an early marker for neoplastic stem cell proliferation. We will discuss multiple examples of tumor in this paper, with an emphasis of 2 solid tumors; namely, breast and colon cancer.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Neoplasms; Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3
PubMed: 25737167
DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.3.9622